Kafir Arabic kfir plural kuffr feminine kfirah is an Arabic term from the root KFR to cover meaning one who.The controversy over the genetic explanation for racial differences in intelligence and behavior has been sustained by the platform the field of behavior genetics has.S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1387747256i/3389387._UY475_SS475_.jpg' alt='The Authority Of The Believer Macmillan' title='The Authority Of The Believer Macmillan' />Rise of Mongol Power.About 1162, there was born to a noble clan of the Mongols a child named Temuchin.He grew in prestige and power the way any charismatic.Hick, John Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.John Hick was arguably one of the most important and influential philosophers of religion of the second half of the twentieth century.As a British philosopher in the anglo analytic tradition, Hick did groundbreaking work in religious epistemology, philosophical theology, and religious pluralism.As a young law student, Hick underwent a strong religious experience that led him to accept evangelical Christianity and to change his career direction to theology and philosophy.This experience would prove not only life altering but also important for his subsequent philosophical views.Early in his career, Hick argued that Christian faith is based not on propositional evidence but on religious experience.He thus defended Christian faith against the evidentialist criticisms of the then dominant logical positivists.During this stage Hick also developed his Irenaean soul making theodicy in which he argued that God allows evil and suffering in the world in order to develop humans into virtuous creatures capable of following his will.In the late 1.Hick had another set of experiences that dramatically affected his life and work.By Rev.J. A. MacMillan 1942 Preface begins below Chapter 1 The Authority of the Intercessor.Chapter 2 The Authority of the Believers Countenance.While working on civil rights issues in Birmingham, he found himself working and worshiping alongside people of other faiths.During this time he began to believe that sincere adherents of other faiths experience the Transcendent just as Christians do, though with variances due to cultural, historical, and doctrinal factors.These experiences led him to develop his pluralistic hypothesis, which, relying heavily on Kants phenomenalnoumenal distinction, states that adherents of the major religious faiths experience the ineffable Real through their varying culturally shaped lenses.Hicks pluralistic considerations then led him to adjust his theological positions, and he subsequently developed interpretations of Christian doctrines, such as the incarnation, atonement, and trinity, not as metaphysical claims but as metaphorical or mythological ones.However, despite Hicks changes theologically, many of his underlying philosophical positions remained largely intact over the course of his long career.Hicks most influential works include Faith and Knowledge, Evil and the God of Love, Death and Eternal Life, The Myth of God Incarnate ed., and An Interpretation of Religion.Other of his significant works include Arguments for the Existence of God, God Has Many Names, The Metaphor of God Incarnate, A Christian Theology of Religions, The New Frontier of Religion and Science, and his widely used textbook, Philosophy of Religion.Table of Conents.Life.Religious Epistemology.Religious Experience.Eschatological Verification.Religion and Neuroscience.Philosophical Theology.Irenaean Soul making Theodicy.Christology as Myth or Metaphor.Death and Afterlife.Install Image Handler Zen Cart . Install Adobe Flash On Iceweasel . Religious Pluralism.Religious Ambiguity.Kantian PhenomenalNoumenal Distinction and the Transcategorial Real.Soteriological and Ethical Criteria.Religious Language as Mythological.Criticisms and Influences.References and Further Reading.Primary Sources.Secondary Sources.Life.John Harwood Hick was born in January 1.Mark and Aileen Hick in Scarborough, England.The Hick family history involves a Scarborough shipping trade that can be traced back at least as far as the mid eighteenth century.Hick was a middle child, whose older brother Pentland became an entrepreneur and younger sister Shirley had a successful career in social work.Hick grew up in a working middle class family in Scarborough, where as a shy boy he had an unfavorable time at the nearby preparatory school, Lisvane.After briefly studying at home with a private tutor, Hick spent two more favorable years 1.Quaker boarding school, Bootham, in York.After Bootham, Hick returned to Scarborough to work as an articled clerk for his fathers small law firm, Hick Hands.By the age of seventeen, Hick was reading many of the major works of Western philosophy, finding especially fascinating Kant, who would shape his later philosophical pursuits.Hicks family was not known for academics, despite two notable exceptions from his mothers side Benjamin Cocker, who taught philosophy at the University of Michigan in the late nineteenth century, and Hicks great uncle, Edward Wales Hirst, who taught Christian Ethics at Manchester University and elsewhere.Hirst encouraged Hick to pursue academic philosophy and continued to correspond with him after he decided instead to study law.While still working at Hick Hands, Hick began commuting twice a week to University College, Hull, to attend law lectures.This was shortly before the outbreak of World War II and the bombing of Britain, and by his second term Hick had moved to a hostel closer to campus in order to study full time.Hicks family was not particularly religious, though his mother and grandmother had both experimented widely in a variety of religious practices, which helped develop in him a keen religious interest from a young age.He had a penchant for leftist, anti Christian literature of the likes of George Bernard Shaw, H.G.Wells, Bertrand Russell, and others yet in the midst of the turmoil at the outbreak of the war, Hick found himself turning to evangelical Christianity under the influence of his college friends from the Inter Varsity Fellowship.Hick writes of his experience As a law student at University College, Hull, at the age of eighteen, I underwent a powerful evangelical conversion under the impact of the New Testament figure of Jesus.For several days I was in a state of intense mental and emotional turmoil, during which I became increasingly aware of a higher truth and greater reality pressing in upon me and claiming my recognition and response.At first this was highly unwelcome, a disturbing and challenging demand for nothing less than a revolution in personal identity.But then the disturbing claim became a liberating invitation.The reality that was pressing in upon me was not only awesomely demanding.I entered with great joy and excitement into the world of Christian faith.An experience of this kind which I cannot forget, even though it happened forty two years ago from 1.Hull.As everyone will be very conscious who can themselves remember such a moment, all descriptions are inadequate.But it was as though the skies opened up and light poured down and filled me with a sense of overflowing joy, in response to an immense transcendent goodness and love.I remember that I couldnt help smiling broadlysmiling back, as it were, at God though if any of the other passengers were looking they must have thought that I was a lunatic, grinning at nothing.Autobiography, 3.Though Hick now views his subsequent evangelical years as something of an anomaly on the span of his intellectual biography, at the time it had a dramatic, life changing impact.He immediately left law to study for Christian ministry, at first still at Hull but shortly thereafter at Edinburgh.While at Edinburgh he studied philosophy under Norman Kemp Smith, who left an indelible impression on the young Hick.Hicks time at Edinburgh was interrupted, however, by World War II.As a conscientious objectormuch to the dismay of his fatherHick declined the draft and instead served with the Friends Ambulance Unit in Egypt, Italy and Greece.Upon returning from the war, he resumed at Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1.Oriel College, Oxford, to earn his doctorate in philosophy.At Oxford Hick studied under H.H.Price, and Hicks thesis became the basis for his first book, Faith and Knowledge.Hick then went to Westminster College, Cambridge, in 1.Presbyterian ministry, primarily under theologian H.H.
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